The recent grants announcement by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation included $1,786,000 for Virginia, providing support to expand groundbreaking remedial education programs that experts say are key to dramatically boosting the college completion rates of low-income students and students of color. Approximately $300,000 of this funding will support research in Virginia to identify obstacles to completion, factors that correlate with student success, and high and low performing institutions to inform statewide goals for community colleges. Danville Community College and Patrick Henry Community College will also receive program funding over a three year period.
Monday, June 22, 2009
Tuesday, June 16, 2009
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Supports Postsecondary Retention Policy Research Initiatives
Over $6.4 million in grants to leading national policy organizations were announced today by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. These grants support new efforts to identify why many young Americans drop out of college and to propose new policies and practices necessary to help low-income, African American, and Hispanic students complete their educations.
Grants Announced Today:
• American Enterprise Institute (AEI) will receive $1.25 million to launch a significant new research project, which will include commissioned papers, major conferences, and a book about accountability in higher education. These projects will be data-driven and non-ideological, and will be designed to encourage a national conversation about postsecondary accountability. Founded in 1943, AEI sponsors research, conferences, and publications on issues of government, economics, and social welfare. The Institute is committed to expanding liberty, increasing individual opportunity, and strengthening free enterprise. www.aei.org
• The Center for American Progress (CAP) will receive $800,000 to study and report on more than a dozen topics related to college completion. CAP’s work will result in policy recommendations that would bring coherence to a fractured national system of higher education institutions, give low-income students the targeted assistance they need to complete their educations, and bring accountability to institutions that are receiving evermore public money but graduating fewer and fewer of their students. CAP was founded in 2003 and is headed by John D. Podesta, former chief of staff to President Bill Clinton and professor at the Georgetown University Law Center. CAP is designed to provide long-term leadership and support to the progressive movement. www.cap.org
• Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) will receive $1.5 million to support a new Center on Postsecondary and Economic Success within its organization. The Center will promote federal and state policy innovation to help low-income students, including working students, out-of-school youth, and other nontraditional students earn marketable postsecondary credentials through research, analysis, educational activities, and technical assistance to states and anti-poverty organizations. CLASP develops and advocates for policies at the federal, state, and local levels that improve the lives of low-income people. www.clasp.org
• The College Board will receive $675,000 to create the Center for Innovation and Advocacy. The Center will study policies and programs that increase college access and success, with a focus on increasing college completion among traditionally underrepresented students. For example, the Center will support the College Board’s ongoing Rethinking Student Aid project, which aims to redesign the federal student aid system to make it simpler, more efficient, and more focused on encouraging college success. The College Board is a national not-for-profit education association comprised of more than 5,600 college, university, and school members driven by a simple but powerful mission statement: To connect students to college success and opportunity. Each year the College Board serves 7 million students and parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, teaching, and learning. www.collegeboard.org
• Excelencia in Education will receive $600,000 to raise awareness about the significance of accelerating Latino college completion rates to meet the country’s human capital needs through a new campaign, Enhancing America’s Future. This campaign will be developed through high-level meetings with postsecondary policy leaders, benchmarking national and state level Latino college degree completion, and an outcomes-driven focus on dissemination of promising practices. Launched in 2004, Excelencia in Education is a national not-for-profit that links research, policy, and practice to support higher educational achievement for Latino students and all students. www.excelencia.org
• Institute for Higher Education Policy will receive $1.58 million over three years to support research to improve policies related to academic excellence and degree attainment by publishing reports, issue briefs, and fact sheets as well as connecting that research to policy and practice. Key beneficiaries of this work will be federal and state policymakers, media, higher education funders and organizations, institutional leaders, and researchers. The Institute for Higher Education Policy is an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to improving access and success in postsecondary education around the world. www.ihep.org
Grants Announced Today:
• American Enterprise Institute (AEI) will receive $1.25 million to launch a significant new research project, which will include commissioned papers, major conferences, and a book about accountability in higher education. These projects will be data-driven and non-ideological, and will be designed to encourage a national conversation about postsecondary accountability. Founded in 1943, AEI sponsors research, conferences, and publications on issues of government, economics, and social welfare. The Institute is committed to expanding liberty, increasing individual opportunity, and strengthening free enterprise. www.aei.org
• The Center for American Progress (CAP) will receive $800,000 to study and report on more than a dozen topics related to college completion. CAP’s work will result in policy recommendations that would bring coherence to a fractured national system of higher education institutions, give low-income students the targeted assistance they need to complete their educations, and bring accountability to institutions that are receiving evermore public money but graduating fewer and fewer of their students. CAP was founded in 2003 and is headed by John D. Podesta, former chief of staff to President Bill Clinton and professor at the Georgetown University Law Center. CAP is designed to provide long-term leadership and support to the progressive movement. www.cap.org
• Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) will receive $1.5 million to support a new Center on Postsecondary and Economic Success within its organization. The Center will promote federal and state policy innovation to help low-income students, including working students, out-of-school youth, and other nontraditional students earn marketable postsecondary credentials through research, analysis, educational activities, and technical assistance to states and anti-poverty organizations. CLASP develops and advocates for policies at the federal, state, and local levels that improve the lives of low-income people. www.clasp.org
• The College Board will receive $675,000 to create the Center for Innovation and Advocacy. The Center will study policies and programs that increase college access and success, with a focus on increasing college completion among traditionally underrepresented students. For example, the Center will support the College Board’s ongoing Rethinking Student Aid project, which aims to redesign the federal student aid system to make it simpler, more efficient, and more focused on encouraging college success. The College Board is a national not-for-profit education association comprised of more than 5,600 college, university, and school members driven by a simple but powerful mission statement: To connect students to college success and opportunity. Each year the College Board serves 7 million students and parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, teaching, and learning. www.collegeboard.org
• Excelencia in Education will receive $600,000 to raise awareness about the significance of accelerating Latino college completion rates to meet the country’s human capital needs through a new campaign, Enhancing America’s Future. This campaign will be developed through high-level meetings with postsecondary policy leaders, benchmarking national and state level Latino college degree completion, and an outcomes-driven focus on dissemination of promising practices. Launched in 2004, Excelencia in Education is a national not-for-profit that links research, policy, and practice to support higher educational achievement for Latino students and all students. www.excelencia.org
• Institute for Higher Education Policy will receive $1.58 million over three years to support research to improve policies related to academic excellence and degree attainment by publishing reports, issue briefs, and fact sheets as well as connecting that research to policy and practice. Key beneficiaries of this work will be federal and state policymakers, media, higher education funders and organizations, institutional leaders, and researchers. The Institute for Higher Education Policy is an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to improving access and success in postsecondary education around the world. www.ihep.org
Saturday, June 6, 2009
Economics of Early Childhood
One of my personal areas of advocacy is improving the quality of early childhood education. As a working parent seeking high-quality daycare and preschool services, I was frustrated by the lack of information about the quality of these services. I was, after all, leaving my child--my most precious possession--in the hands of these providers. For this reason, I now contribute my services to a local coalition dedicated to raising the quality of early childhood education. Coalitions like these are emerging across the country and have gained support through the use of economic arguments that declare the cost effectiveness of early childhood education.
Perhaps no other area of educational policy has benefited more from economic analyses than early childhood education. The landmark cost-benefit study of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, conducted over a forty-year period, provided empirical evidence of a host of social and economic outcomes. This type of evidence has shifted the terms of debate about early childhood education policy in the United States. While early arguments in support of early childhood programs focused on equity and promoting individual well-being, advocates today focus on these programs as sound public investment that supports human capital and economic development and, in the long term, lowered government spending. These arguments have realized higher levels of state investment in early childhood care and education, including in my state of Virginia.
Economic arguments have cited several positive social outcomes of early childhood education beyond those typically described for secondary and postsecondary education. Knudsen, Heckman, Cameron, and Shonkoff (2006) cited evidence of positive economic, neurobiological, and behavioral outcomes to support their argument that providing early child education to disadvantaged children was the most efficient strategy for strengthening the future workforce and improving its quality of life. Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon (2005) presented a similar range of outcomes, including increased high school graduation, college attendance, and labor force and participation, and decreases in socially negative behaviors such as crime, substance abuse, and teenage pregnancy.
Economists Rolnick and Grunewald (2003) calculated an internal rate of return for one of the best known early childhood education programs, the Perry Preschool program. Following the identification of costs and the monetization of benefits, the authors estimated the time periods in which benefits and costs in constant dollars were paid or received by program participants and society. Rolnick and Grunewald estimated the internal rate of return for the High/Scope Perry School program at 16 percent, which they argue makes early childhood education an excellent buy when compared with other public investments.
The findings from the Perry Preschool study have often been cited as part of an economic argument for funding early childhood education initiatives, especially at the state level. The general argument is that cost savings for government could be large enough to not only repay the initial costs of the program but also to possibly generate savings to government or society as a whole several times greater than the costs (Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon, 2005). These findings moved early childhood education policy from being strictly a social-service policy and philanthropic endeavor to help children from low-income families to also being considered an economic development strategy (Clothier & Poppe, 2008; Stone, 2008).
The impact of these advocacy arguments is clear. Overall, states have been increasing investments in early childhood education. Child care state appropriations from combined state general fund and TANF sources increased by $482 million from FY 2007 to FY 2008. Prekindergarten appropriations increased by almost $540 million from FY 2007 to FY 2008, with total state appropriations to prekindergarten programs were $4.5 billion. States reported an increase in total appropriations to additional early learning strategies of $26 million from FY2007 to FY 2008, with total reported appropriations were $347 million (Clothier & Poppe, 2008). Significantly, school funding formulas are increasingly used as an effective way to protect and advance state pre-k by tying funding to the popular support for K-12 education. The growing popularity of pre-k programs has prompted state policymakers to take this action (Stone, 2008).
In the Commonwealth of Virginia, arguments for expanding preschool education have often centered on the long-term benefits of this strategy. Economic arguments for preschool have fostered support by state-level economic development and workforce development interest groups. This support has helped Virginia’s Governor Kaine increase state funding of early childhood education. Child care state appropriations from combined state general fund and TANF sources increased by $9,800,000, or by 18.6 percent, from FY 2007 to FY 2008. Prekindergarten appropriations, funded as the Virginia Preschool Initiative, increased by $6,900,000, or 14.9 percent, from FY 2007 to FY 2008, with FY2008 state appropriations to prekindergarten programs at $53,100,000 (Clothier & Poppe, 2008).
Perhaps no other area of educational policy has benefited more from economic analyses than early childhood education. The landmark cost-benefit study of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, conducted over a forty-year period, provided empirical evidence of a host of social and economic outcomes. This type of evidence has shifted the terms of debate about early childhood education policy in the United States. While early arguments in support of early childhood programs focused on equity and promoting individual well-being, advocates today focus on these programs as sound public investment that supports human capital and economic development and, in the long term, lowered government spending. These arguments have realized higher levels of state investment in early childhood care and education, including in my state of Virginia.
Economic arguments have cited several positive social outcomes of early childhood education beyond those typically described for secondary and postsecondary education. Knudsen, Heckman, Cameron, and Shonkoff (2006) cited evidence of positive economic, neurobiological, and behavioral outcomes to support their argument that providing early child education to disadvantaged children was the most efficient strategy for strengthening the future workforce and improving its quality of life. Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon (2005) presented a similar range of outcomes, including increased high school graduation, college attendance, and labor force and participation, and decreases in socially negative behaviors such as crime, substance abuse, and teenage pregnancy.
Economists Rolnick and Grunewald (2003) calculated an internal rate of return for one of the best known early childhood education programs, the Perry Preschool program. Following the identification of costs and the monetization of benefits, the authors estimated the time periods in which benefits and costs in constant dollars were paid or received by program participants and society. Rolnick and Grunewald estimated the internal rate of return for the High/Scope Perry School program at 16 percent, which they argue makes early childhood education an excellent buy when compared with other public investments.
The findings from the Perry Preschool study have often been cited as part of an economic argument for funding early childhood education initiatives, especially at the state level. The general argument is that cost savings for government could be large enough to not only repay the initial costs of the program but also to possibly generate savings to government or society as a whole several times greater than the costs (Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon, 2005). These findings moved early childhood education policy from being strictly a social-service policy and philanthropic endeavor to help children from low-income families to also being considered an economic development strategy (Clothier & Poppe, 2008; Stone, 2008).
The impact of these advocacy arguments is clear. Overall, states have been increasing investments in early childhood education. Child care state appropriations from combined state general fund and TANF sources increased by $482 million from FY 2007 to FY 2008. Prekindergarten appropriations increased by almost $540 million from FY 2007 to FY 2008, with total state appropriations to prekindergarten programs were $4.5 billion. States reported an increase in total appropriations to additional early learning strategies of $26 million from FY2007 to FY 2008, with total reported appropriations were $347 million (Clothier & Poppe, 2008). Significantly, school funding formulas are increasingly used as an effective way to protect and advance state pre-k by tying funding to the popular support for K-12 education. The growing popularity of pre-k programs has prompted state policymakers to take this action (Stone, 2008).
In the Commonwealth of Virginia, arguments for expanding preschool education have often centered on the long-term benefits of this strategy. Economic arguments for preschool have fostered support by state-level economic development and workforce development interest groups. This support has helped Virginia’s Governor Kaine increase state funding of early childhood education. Child care state appropriations from combined state general fund and TANF sources increased by $9,800,000, or by 18.6 percent, from FY 2007 to FY 2008. Prekindergarten appropriations, funded as the Virginia Preschool Initiative, increased by $6,900,000, or 14.9 percent, from FY 2007 to FY 2008, with FY2008 state appropriations to prekindergarten programs at $53,100,000 (Clothier & Poppe, 2008).
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